This engraving is one in a series of four (see also M.88.91.199a, c, d) that reproduces the decoration on the ceiling of the Gallery of Ulysses at Fontainebleau, the summer residence of Francis I of France (r. 1515−47), which was constructed and decorated by Italian artists in the mid-sixteenth century. Although the ornate gallery was destroyed in the eighteenth century, Ghisi’s prints help to re-create its original design by the artist Francesco Primaticcio. The chamber’s ceiling was divided into fifteen vaulted compartments, each containing a central image surrounded by multiple scenes; this series of engravings reproduces the decoration from the fourth vault, which featured at its center the goddess Venus and the three Fates. The composition’s unique form points to the shape of the ceiling panels. The series was likely produced during Ghisi’s French sojourn and was originally printed in Paris.
Erudite courtly viewers took pleasure in identifying literary references; attributes of each of the figures in this print help to determine who they are meant to represent. The woman at right with an ornate hairstyle and covering may be the muse of tragedy, who is often shown as richly dressed and youthful in appearance, while the woman at left who holds a book in her lap and sits in a confident and protective manner is likely the muse of comedy. At center with her head raised above the others is Polyhymnia, the muse of sacred poetry, hymn, and dance, who is frequently depicted with modest and heavy dress, and a severe, serious expression. A round-bodied putto floats immediately above the muses, gesturing with an open hand to the women gathered below.
