In 1959 Julio Le Parc moved to Paris, where he met Victor Vasarely (1906–1997), the Hungarian-French leader of the Op art movement. A year later, along with six international artists, he founded the Groupe de Recherche d'Art Visual (GRAV). Their goal was to transform the role of the viewer from a passive, contemplative observer into an active participant. Seriality, the manipulation of form across the surface, and the use of new materials were to lead to a new, more democratic "plastic kinetic adventure." Ilona Katzew, 2013