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The hillside site of Harwan near Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir was unearthed in circa 1895 during the construction of the Srinagar waterworks. Numerous earthenware impressed floor and wall tiles were found. The stamped designs include humans engaged in a variety of activities, diverse animals, floral patterns, and abstract designs. Although the majority of the Harwan remains are classified as Buddhist, tiles with squatting ascetics that line the lower walls of an apsidal temple on the upper terrace indicate that the temple was affiliated with the Ajivakas, an heterodox philosophical sect founded in the 5th century BCE by Makkhali Gosala near Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh, and continuing in Karnataka until the 14th century. The Ajivakas apparently practiced an extreme form of asceticism, which is represented by the two ascetics on the tiles who are portrayed as if squatting in a barrel or confined space in what is possibly the "crow posture" (kaka asana). The emaciated ascetics are naked and have long hair down their back. At the top of the tile is a railing with three pairs of tête-à-tête male busts of presumed foreigners. The molding at the bottom of the tile is a row of geese with water lilies in their bills. In the center between the two ascetic panels is an inscription written in the Kharoshthi script providing the numerals 3, 7, and 8, which was likely used for sequencing the tiles on the monument. (See Robert E. Fisher, "The Enigma of Harwan," Art International 25:9-10 (1982): 33-45.)
Comparable examples of the ascetic tiles now dispersed from Harwan are in the British Museum, London (1953,0512.2), Cleveland Museum of Art (1959.131 and 1959.132), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (1987.424.26, 1995.570.6, and 1998.122), Victoria and Albert Museum, London (IS.9-1978), and Sri Pratap Singh Museum, Srinagar.
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