During the period 1874-76 Homer returned for visits to Petersburg, Virginia, where, as a correspondent illustrator, he had spent time during the final siege of the Civil War. There, he made studies for and may have painted a series of watercolors and paintings of the life of rural African Americans. Critics hailed him as the first artist to have seen the possibilities of this untapped subject matter. These paintings are exceptional for their realism and sensitive treatment of their subjects, in contrast to the caricatured portrayals Homer had joined others in painting during and after the Civil War period. The Cotton Pickers is quite simply the artist’s most monumental painting of the figure; that it should also be of African American subjects is remarkable. In painting rural workers in such heroic terms, Homer was no doubt drawing upon a tradition well-developed in various European countries by 1876, perhaps best known today in the work of Jean-Franqois Millet (1814-1875) and Jules Breton (1827-1906). Like them, Homer painted his rural workers as graceful majestic figures, but he chose unmistakably American subject matter. Homer brought the same respect and sympathy the French artists had for their nation’s peasants to bear on his representations of African Americans. Presented from a low vantage point, these powerful figures fill the canvas and dominate the composition. They are also portrayed as individuals, the figure on the right gazing into the distance, a particularly poignant image of inner life and of aspiration. The Cotton Pickers was the climax of Homer’s early figural style, and one of his most profoundly original works.

After the Jacksonian presidency (1829–37), the adolescent country began an aggressive foreign policy of territorial expansion, exemplified by the success of the Mexican-American War (1846–48). Economic growth, spurred by new technologies such as the railroad and telegraph, assisted the early stages of empire building. As a comfortable and expanding middle class began to demonstrate its wealth and power, a fervent nationalist spirit was celebrated in the writings of Walt Whitman and Herman Melville. Artists such as Emanuel Leutze produced history paintings re-creating the glorious past of the relatively new country. Such idealizations ignored the mounting political and social differences that threatened to split the country apart. The Civil War slowed development, affecting every fiber of society, but surprisingly was not the theme of many paintings. The war’s devastation did not destroy the American belief in progress, and there was an undercurrent of excitement due to economic expansion and increased settlement of the West.
During the postwar period Americans also began enthusiastically turning their attention abroad. They flocked to Europe to visit London, Paris, Rome, Florence, and Berlin, the major cities on the Grand Tour. Art schools in the United States offered limited classes, so the royal academies in Germany, France, and England attracted thousands of young Americans. By the 1870s American painting no longer evinced a singleness of purpose. Although Winslow Homer became the quintessential Yankee painter, with his representations of country life during the reconstruction era, European aesthetics began to infiltrate taste.

Exhibition Label, 1997 Traditionally Winslow Homer has been cast as a shy loner, working in relative isolation. However, his paintings from the Civil War to 1880 were anything but devoid of social content. The group of paintings of African Americans that he produced in the 1870s, of which The Cotton Pickers is the most important, resonate with political meaning. Homer was the first American consistently to paint African Americans without the prevailing attitudes of condescension and sentimentality. The date of this painting sheds light on its significance. Not only was 1876 the year of the country’s Centennial: more importantly for blacks it also marked the end of Reconstruction, as federal troops withdrew from the south. The Reconstruction era had been buoyed by hopes that the situation of former slaves would be drastically improved as they were freed and educated. Unfortunately that idealism was to be short-lived, as racism and bigotry emerged with vehemence. Homer still evinces the earlier hopefulness in his commanding painting of two female field laborers. His portrayal is sympathetic and positive: they are not being over or fatigued but rather stand erect, their strong bodies monumentalized against the sky. The woman on the right looks far into the distance, dreaming of a better future.

• About the Era.
• Harvey, Eleanor Jones. The Civil War and American Art. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian American Art Museum; New Haven, Connecticut: In association with Yale University Press, 2012.
• Goodrich, Lloyd. Record of Works by Winslow Homer. Vol. 2, 1867 through 1876. New York: Spanierman Gallery, 2005.
• Gifts on the Occasion of LACMA's 50th Anniversary. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2015.
• Athens, Elizabeth, and Brandon Ruud. Coming Away: Winslow Homer & England. Worcester, Mass.: Worcester Art Museum, 2017.
• Wierich, Jochen. Picturing Mississippi, 1817-2017: Land of Plenty, Pain, and Promise. Jackson: Mississippi Museum of Art, 2017.
• Winslow Homer Centenary Exhibition, December 15, 1936 to January 15, 1937. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1936.
• Kusserow, Karl, and Alan C. Braddock. Nature's Nation: American Art and Environment. Princeton: Princeton University Art Museum, 2018.
• Herdrich, Stephanie L. and Sylvia Yount. Winslow Homer: Crosscurrents. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2022.
• Arabindan-Kesson, Anna. Black Bodies, White Gold: Art, Cotton, and Commerce in the Atlantic World. Durham: Duke University Press, 2021.
• Winslow Homer, 1836-1910: Eastman Johnson, 1824-1906. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum, 1949.
• Gardner, Albert TenEyck.  Winslow Homer, American Artist: His World and His Work.  New York: Bramhall House, 1961.
• Donahue, Kenneth. Los Angeles County Museum of Art Handbook. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1977.
• Price, Lorna.  Masterpieces from the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.  Los Angeles:  Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1988.
• Los Angeles County Museum of Art Members' Calendar 1990.  vol. 27-28, no. 12-1 (December, 1989-January, 1991).
• Wilmeriding, John.  American Views; Essays on American Art.  Princeton University Press, 1991.
• Fort, Ilene Susan and Michael Quick.  American Art:  a Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection.  Los Angeles:  Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1991.
• Los Angeles County Museum of Art Members' Calendar 1993,  vol. 31, no. 1-11 (January-November, 1993).
• McKissack, Patricia C.  A Picture of Freedom :  The Diary of Clotee, a Slave Girl.  New York:  Scholastic Inc., 1997.
• Little, Carl.  Winslow Homer: His Art, His Light, His Landscapes.  1997.
• Groseclose, Barbara.  Nineteenth-Century American Art.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
• Conrads, Margaret C. Winslow Homer And The Critics:  Forging a National Art in the 1870s. Princeton, New Jersey:  Princeton University Press, 2001.
• Matsumoto, Fumihisa.  Chapters in American Art, "Daybreak -- Time to Rest: Jacob Lawrence's Struggle".  Akashi Shoten Company, Ltd., 2001.
• The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art.  Looking Guide: Winslow Homer and the Critics.  Kansas City: The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, 2001.
• Johns, Elizabeth.  Winslow Homer: The Nature of Observation.  Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2002.
• Lears, T.J. Jackson, ed.  American Victorians and Virgin Nature: Fenway Court, Vol. 29.  Boston: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, 2002.
• Vlach, John Michael.  The Planter's Prospect: Privilege and Slavery in Plantation Paintings.  Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
• Paton, Priscilla.  Abandoned New England: Landscape in the Works of Homer, Frost, Hopper, Wyeth, and Bishop.  Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 2003.
• Los Angeles County Museum of Art.  New York: Thames and Hudson, 2003.
• LACMA: Obras Maestras 1750-1950: Pintura Estadounidense Del Museo De Arte Del Condado De Los Angeles. Mexico, D.F.: Museo Nacional de Arte, 2006.
• Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness: American Art from the Yale University Gallery. New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery, in association with Yale University Press, 2008.
• Goldin, Marco and H. Barbara Weinberg. 2008. Pittura Americana del XIX secolo: atti del convegno. Treviso: Linea d'ombra Libri.
• American Stories: Paintings of Everyday Life, 1765-1915. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009
• Severens, Martha R. More than a Likeness: the Enduring Art of Mary Whyte.  Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 2013.

• Griffin, Randall C. Winslow Homer: an American Vision. London: Phaidon, 2017.

• Kelly, Simon and Maite van Dijk, eds. Millet and Modern Art: From Van Gogh to Dalí. Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum; St. Louis: Saint Louis Art Museum, 2019.